Language Change- recipe analysis 

In the first recipe from 1747, there is grammatical differences compared to the recipe written in 1998. The "s" and "f" are used interchangeably, for example "fmall" instead they replaced the "s" with and "f". This could be due to the era the recipe was written in. The recipe was written before standardisation of the English language, this means that there was not a wrong or right way to spell or write particular words- before the printing press started producing dictionaries. This shows that society in the 18th century was not prescriptivist. 

In terms of Lexis and semantics, there are many words in the 1852 recipe that have now been broadened in the English language today. For example; "scum" in the 19th century it meant the juices from the food cooking, however, it has been broadened today to mean an unpleasant person. This shows that some words stays in our language throughout hundreds of years however, ,any have changed their meanings over this time. In the 1998 recipe the writer uses a lot more adjectives "gentle" and "fresh" this shows that food has become more "fashionable" and people take pride in their cooking as if it now more of an art and the method you use to cook. Furthermore, in the 1998 recipe they use more in-formalised imperatives "heat", "add" and "stir" this shows that the language used is more chatty and that recipes are not formal texts any more, the get straight to the point.

In terms of discourse structure, the 1998 recipe uses more minor sentences when listing the ingredients. "1 tablespoon sunflower" and "1 onion, thinly sliced" the context of this recipe is during a busy society, therefore, the simple sentences may represent being quick and simple as people are busy and rushing around they want quicker and easy meals to do as they have lots of other things to be doing. Compared to the 1852 recipe which uses compound sentences throughout the whole recipe "A thrifty housewife will not require that I should tell her to save the liquor in which the beef has been boiled; I will therefore take it for granted that the next day she carefully moves the grease." however, during this time women were seen to be the one who prepared all the meals, hence the reference "housewife", and therefore, she wasn't seen to be out working so she had more time to read recipes and make long meals compared to today's society.

Language Change

Lexis

anorak- Greenland
Barbecue- Arawakan(Haiti)
Barrack-French and Spanish
Blizzard- American
Bongo- Latin American Spanish
Bonsai- Japanese
Boomerang- Dharuk
Budgerigar- Aboringinal
Bungalow- Hindu
Chipmunk-Ojibwa
Chutney-Hindi
Dinghy-Hindi
Dungarees-Hindi
Gnu- Dutch
Haiku- Japanese
Hamburger- Germany
Igloo- Canada
Kangaroo- Aborignal 
Karaoke-Japanese
Ketchup- Chinese
llama-Spanish 
Mohair- Arabic
potato-Spanish
puma-Spanish
Pajamas- Hindu
Safari-Arabic
Sauna-Finnish
shampoo-Hindu
Sherbet-Turkish
Ski- Norwegian
Skyscraper- American
Taboo- Tongan
Tattoo-Dutch
Tea-Chinese
Toboggan- French 
Tortilla-American Spanish
totem- Ojibwa
Trek- South African
Tycoon- Japanese
yeti- Tibetan



Task two 
phonological

The article addresses the problem of accents being "flattened" for the sake of fitting in and when attending a job interview. A study carried out found that a third of people questioned were ashamed to "flatten" out their accent. The writer of the article has a friend that was Asian and has christened their children with English names to "make it easy" for them to fit in. Therefore, the writer of the article believes that accents should not matter anymore and we should not be ashamed to have an accent. If we change our accent then it is changing something that is vital to the person you are.


In my experiences of accents i have always been judged as i used to be very Bristolian, also, people view you to be less intelligent if you have a specific accent, for example, the Essex accent.



Grammar and Lexis


The diary entry is made up of minor and compound sentences. Also, the word order is very different to how we would order sentences today, for example "as ever i saw" the adverb " ever" is written before the subject " i", also, today we would shift the tense slightly for example we would tend to say "seen" not "saw." we now have standardised which order to put adjectives, nouns  and verbs into a sentence, for example " a good looking tall man" we would tend to say "tall" before "good looking" today.  Also, the length of the sentences are very long, the third paragraph is made up of two sentences. The use pf prepositions used in that time showed there wasn't a standard way of using them for example "opposite to my window" the use of two prepositions are not used today, this could be due to standardisation of the English Language when dictionaries where starting to get printed.

Language change

lean :  thin, especially healthily so; having no superfluous fat. 

• Broadened, Amelioration- this is because it has become a more positive definition of the word as before it was more associated with someone being thin due to starvation. However, now it is used for healthy and fit people.

Novice:  a person new to and inexperienced in a job or situation.

• Broadened- The meaning before was linked just to people part of a religious group, however now it is associated with people in any job or situation.

Revolutionary:  A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually                             more complex or better form.

• Amelioration- The meaning has become more positive as before it was meant someone who favours overthrowing the government.

Lewd: Crude or offensive in a sexual way 

• pejoration- this is because the word has taken on a more negative meaning as before it meant someone who didn't have an official position in church.